1. Skip to content
  2. Skip to main menu
  3. Skip to more DW sites
PoliticsEstonia

Baltics join the ammunitions race

Henry-Laur Allik
June 7, 2024

With a shortage of mortar shells in reserves across Europe, Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia are setting up their own ammunition factories to be ready in case of a potential attack from Russia.

https://p.dw.com/p/4gkUi
Artillery shells in a factory
German arms giant Rheinmetall will invest €180 million to build an ammunition plant for 155-millimeter artillery shells in LithuaniaImage: LIONEL BONAVENTURE/AFP

In Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia — three Baltic states on the edge of the European Union that all share a border with Russia — defense is a key concern.

All the more so since Russian President Vladimir Putin launched a full-scale attack on Ukraine in February 2022. According to NATO statistics, the defense spending of the three states greatly exceeded the minimum 2% of GDP in 2023, and it's expected to rise this year. 

Even though the three are exemplary member states in their commitment to NATO, whose forces are deployed in each countries, their military commands and governments believe more needs to be done to prepare for a potential invasion from the east.

The idea is to boost the defense industry by setting up ammunition factories in the Baltic region, amid shortages due to Russia's ongoing war in Ukraine. Apart from the governments themselves, the European Commission will be investing in the project, as will German arms manufacturer Rheinmetall.

Ammunition is considered a crucial variable for measuring how long the three Baltic states could withstand an attack. The war in Ukraine has reduced the ammunition reserves of the Baltic states, which are strong supporters of Kyiv. The increased demand for ammunition has led to a shortage of supplies in the EU. 

A Ukrainian soldier with artillery shells
The ongoing war in Ukraine has shown how crucial it is to have sufficient reserves of artillery ammunitionImage: Diego Herrera Carcedo / Anadolu/picture alliance

Indrek Sirp, an adviser to Estonia's Defense Ministry, told DW that even before the war in Ukraine the importance of ammunition had been emphasized. 

"You can have a proud force and many weapons, but if you have nothing to use them, then at some point the weapons will no longer be of any use," he said.

Sirp added that to be "believably ready" to defend one's country, ammunition was needed not for a couple of days but for much longer. 

Rheinmetall plans major investment in Lithuania

On June 3, Lithuanian authorities announced they had signed an agreement to the tune of €180 million ($195 million) with Rheinmetall to build a new factory, which will produce 155-millimeter artillery shells.

Armin Papperger, CEO of Rheinmetall AG, said in a press release that this proved that the German company was one of the pillars of national and international security provision.

Rheinmetall is already active in Lithuania, where it has operated a maintenance center with defense company Krauss-Maffei Wegmann since 2022.

The site of the new ammunition factory is expected to be announced in the upcoming weeks. It will provide 150 jobs and produce tens of thousands of artillery shells each year.

Erika Kurockina, Lithuania's vice-minister of economy and innovation, told DW there was an urgent need for such 155-millimeter munitions as the stockpiles were empty. She said the factory would provide for Lithuanian needs, as well as for exports, to help support Ukraine, for example.

Kurockina hoped the fact that Rheinmetall was investing on such a major scale in Lithuania would send out signals to others that the Baltic states were safe. 

Three men sitting at a table, with flags in the background
In January, the defense ministers of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia signed an agreement to strengthen their shared eastern borderImage: Gatis Dieziņš/Aizsardzības ministrija

"It is very important to make such investments because we don't have our own big facilities as Germany or France for traditional defense industry, but we would have a strong niche competency," she said.

But she insisted that there was not a race between the Baltic states, which were cooperating and strengthening their joint capabilities.

"The fact that all three Baltic countries are investing in munition plants is a part of the Baltic security and deterrent strategy," she said.

State-funded defense industry park in Estonia

Sirp said Estonia was planning to build a defense industry park where companies would be able to set up production factories. The state would provide the infrastructure for companies to start production of ammunition and other military goods.

"We estimate that by the end of 2026, things could be so far that the basic infrastructure is ready, and the primary production facility of some companies is up and running, if everything goes well," he told DW.

He said the aim was to be able to provide for the needs of the Estonian Defense Forces and also to have export capability for economic feasibility, adding that the lessons from Ukraine had shown that armies needed a lot of ammunition to be successful in a war.  

Estonia, he said, needed to spend a minimum of €1.5 billion on different forms of ammunition, adding that domestic production would be good for the economy.

Soldiers in a forest
Estonian soldiers have regularly taken part in military exercises with other NATO member statesImage: Raigo Pajula/AFP/Getty Images

"If we talk about ammunition spending, today all this money moves out of Estonia, today we have no production at all, only some components are produced," he said. "Local production revives the economy and creates jobs, Lithuania and Latvia also clearly see an opportunity to increase their production capabilities."

He pointed out that right now Europe could produce 1 million artillery shells per year, and said there must be continued growth to help Ukraine. "There will be a lot of ammunition needed for the next 10 to 15 years." 

Money from the European Commission

At the end of 2023, Latvia established a state-owned company called the State Defense Corporation, whose mission it is to carry out comprehensive investment management and to coordinate production-related processes, according to the Latvian Defense Ministry.

The European Commission has awarded it a €41-million grant to set up a modular powder charge production facility for artillery ammunition in cooperation with other European companies.

Latvian Defense Minister Andris Spruds told a Latvian TV channel he expected a munitions plant to be operational by the end of this year. He said its primary objective was to provide ammunition for Latvia's own needs.

What are Moscow's plans in the Baltic region?

Edited by: Anne Thomas