The Nobel Prize
October 11, 2007
Who was Alfred Nobel?
Alfred Nobel was born in Stockholm in 1833. Together with his father, who was an engineer, he developed the explosive nitroglycerine, which proved a commercial success.
Despite the danger of the project -- Nobel's brother Emil was killed in an experiment in 1864 -- he continued his research, patenting what he called dynamite in 1867. The invention proved very useful in the construction industry and Nobel traveled the world selling his product. When not on the road, he diligently conducted research and registered 355 patents in his name.
Nobel's talent as both a scientist and a businessman allowed him to amass a considerable fortune. He was also fluent in several languages, wrote poetry and drama, and had a deep interest in philosophy and literature.
How did the Nobel Prize come about?
After his death in 1896, the opening of Nobel's will caused a considerable stir: He had left the majority of his money to the establishment of "prizes to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit to mankind" in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature and peace.
Family members contested the will. Others were irked at the international nature of the new prizes. The biggest shock, however, was the Peace Prize. The name Nobel had been associated with explosives and weapons -- not with peace.
Nobel's friend and former secretary Countess Bertha von Suttner, a vocal pacifist, is credited with having had a significant impact on the millionaire, and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1905.
"Perhaps my factories will put an end to war sooner than your congresses," he wrote the countess in 1891. Two-and-a-half decades before World War One, Nobel couldn't have foreseen just how wrong he would be.
Because Nobel had not composed his will with the help of a lawyer nor specified how the prizes should be awarded, it took five years to sort out the details before the first Nobel Prize could be awarded in 1901.
In 1968, Sweden's central bank established the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. The five original prizes are administered by the Nobel Foundation in Stockholm.
How are the winners selected?
Candidates are nominated a year in advance by qualified parties in the six relevant fields. Academics, politicians, prominent scientists, previous Nobel laureates and others receive personal invitations each year to nominate a candidate.
The nominators are selected in such a way so that as many different countries as possible are represented over time. Their nominations are kept secret for 50 years.
In his will, Alfred Nobel specifically indicated five Swedish institutions responsible for choosing the prize recipients in each category. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has selected the Economics Prize laureates since 1969.
Interesting facts:
* 772 individuals and 19 organizations have been awarded the Nobel Prize, some more than once. Thirty-four women are among the prize winners.
* The youngest Nobel laureate, Lawrence Bragg, was just 25 when he accepted the prize. He shared the 1915 Nobel Prize in physics with his father.
* Raymond David Jr., nearly 88 when he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2002, was the oldest Nobel laureate.
* Several would-be Nobel recipients either declined to accept their award or were forced to decline for political reasons.
Jean-Paul Sartre, who consistently turned down all public honors, didn't accept his 1964 Nobel Prize in Literature. In 1973, Le Duc Tho was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize jointly with US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger for negotiating the Vietnam peace accord. Tho declined the prize due to the situation in Vietnam.
Three German Nobel laureates -- Richard Kuhn, Adolf Butenandt and Gerhard Domagk -- were forbidden by Adolf Hitler to accept their prizes. They received their diplomas and medals belatedly, but not the monetary award. In 1958, Soviet authorities forced Boris Pasternak to return the Nobel Prize in Literature he had initially accepted.
* Four individuals have been awarded two Nobel Prizes:
John Bardeen (Physics 1956, 1972)
Marie Curie (Physics 1903, Chemistry 1911)
Linus Pauling (Chemistry 1954, Peace 1962)
Frederick Sanger (Chemistry 1958, 1980)
* The Nobel Peace Prize has been awarded three times to the International Committee of the Red Cross (1917, 1944, 1963) and twice to the UN Refugee Agency (1954, 1981).
* Together, the Curies have collected more Nobel prizes than any other family. Marie Curie shared half of the physics prize with her husband Pierre in 1903. Their daughter Irene shared the chemistry prize with her husband Frederic Joliot in 1935.