Mafarin samun riga kafi

 

Shin Jamus tana da sha'awar samar da magunguna don samun waraka a gundumomin mulkin malaka?

Allurorin riga kafi daga ƙasashen Yammacin Duniya sun ceci miliyoyin rayuka. Amma daga farko-farkon mulkin mallaka, kuma an yi amfani da allurorin rigakafi da yawa, waɗanda ba a tabbatar da ingancinsu ba, a kan ‘yan Afrika, ba tare da saninsu ko yardarsu ba. Irin wannan yanayin na damuwa na iya zama dalilin da ya sa har yanzu ake ɗari-ɗadi da allurorin riga kafi.

Cutar ‘Yar Rani a Togo

An samar da alluran rigakafin 'yar rani a nahiyar Turai a shekarar 1880, annobar ‘yar rani ta hallaka gaba ɗaya mutanen wani ƙauye a Lome na ƙasar Togo a farkon shekarun 1900. Likitocin mulkin mallaka sun rika amfani da allurar da ta gama aiki da wadda ba ta da wani tasiri ga jama'a, da abin ya bayyana ƙarara cewa allurar ba ta aiki, ana matsa wa waɗanda ake yi wa mulkin mallakar sai an yi musu ita da ƙarfin tsiya. Likitocin sun daina yi wa mutane allurar a shekarar 1911, sun kuma gudanar da bincike bayan sauya yadda ake yin riga kafin, a shekarar 1914 an yi matuƙar daƙile barazanar da cutar ‘yar rani take yi, amma dai an riga an yi ɓarna.

Wacce rawa Robert Koch ya taka a harkar magani irin na mulkin mallaka?

Dr. Robert Koch wani masanin kimiyya ne da ya taɓa cin kyautar Nobel, ya yi bincike mai muhimmanci a kan yaƙi da cututtuka masu kisa kamar tarin fuka, da cutar ‘anthrax' da cutar kwalara. Mafi yawan mutane na kira Robert Koch da uba a fagen bincike ƙananan halittu. Fiye da ƙarni guda na zamaninsa, binciken da ya yi kan harkar likitanci ya yi tasiri sosai wajen ceton miliyoyin al'umma a faɗin duniya, amma fa kuma akwai wasu abubuwa marasa kyau tattare da irin gudunmawar da Koch ya bayar. 

A shekarar 1906, cutar barci ta mamaye yankin Great Lakes da ke gabashin Afrika, cutar ta shafi dabbobi da mutane ‘yan asalin Afrika da jami'an mulkin mallaka, ƙudan tsando ne ya dinga yaɗa cutar ga jama'a, amma ba wanda ya san yadda za a yi maganinta, kuma ta kashe ta kashe sama da mutane dubu 250 a farkon ƙarni. Duk da cewa akwai gasa a tsakanin ‘yan mulkin mallaka, Birtaniya da Jamus sun damu saboda barazanar da cutar ta haddasa game da rasa ma'aikata da hakan zai kawo cikas ga ayyukan da suke yi masu yawa, daga bisani sai aka tura Robert Koch, zuwa yankin gabashin Afrika don ya yi duk abin da ya wajaba don nemo waraka.

Me ya sa ayyukan Koch suke da ruɗani?

Ya tafi da wasu zaɓaɓɓun magungunan da kamfanoni haɗa magunguna suka ba shi, har zuwa wancan lokacin, an gwada waɗannan magungunan ne kawai kan dabbobi a ɗakunan gwaje-gwaje na Turai. Koch ya kafa sansani a Tsibirin Sese wajen Kogin Victoria yankin da mafi yawan waɗanda suka kamu da cututtukan suke, amma Robert Koch yana buƙatar ƙarin masu fama da wannan cuta ta barci. Ya kuma same su, da yawan gaske, amma ana zargin yawancinsu da ƙarfin tsiya aka kai su.

Yanayin sansanin ba shi da kyau, kuma sai Koch ya fara yi wa mutane allura da maganin da ke ɗauke da sinadarin ‘arsenic', da ake kira ‘Atoxyl'. Da bai yi aiki ba, sai Koch ya ƙara yawan allurar. Mutane sun sha fama da matsanancin ciwo, da makanta – kuma kowanne mutum ɗaya daga cikin 10 ya mutu.

Har ma lokacin da ya koma Jamus a shekarar 1907, Robert Koch ya ci gaba da bayar da da umarnin a yi amfani da ‘Atoxyl' wajen maganin ciwon bacci. Su ma jami'an mulkin mallaka sun yi hakan, suka kuma buɗe wasu sansanonin a Gabashin Afrika, da Kamaru da kuma Togo.

Amfani da Sansanoni a matsayin wajen gwajin magunguna

Robert Koch ya bayar da shawarar amfani da sansanonin da ake killace mutane, irin wanda Sojojin Birtiniya suka yi amfani da su a Afrika Ta Kudu, yayin yaƙin Turawa da Anglo-Boer, wajen yaƙar cututtuka da kuma killace marasa lafiya daga iyalansu – idan kuma maganin bai yi ba, a nan aka dinga tsare marasa lafiyar har mutuwarsu. Haka ma dai Koch ɗin ya dinga nunawa cewa a yi amfani da wannan hanyar a matsugunin gine-gine na Afrika Ta Gabas wajen gwada sababbin magunguna a kan marasa lafiya.  

Irin wannan hanyar ta amfani da mutane wajen gwada magani haramtacciya ce a Turai. Amma yanayin jami'an mulkin mallaka na nuna wariyar launin fata ya sa aka ɗauki ‘yan Afrika a matayin zakarun gwajin dafi.

Shin an kuwa gano maganin cutar bacci?

Ƙwarai kuwa! A shekarar 1916, wani magani da ake kira ‘Bayer 205' ko ‘Germanin' ya samu. A shekara 1921, mataimakin Koch na da, Friedrich Karl Kleine ya gwada maganin a kan mazauna Arewacin Rodesiya, inda ake da Zambiya yanzu. Wannan sabon maganin kusan a ce yana aiki ɗari bisa ɗari. Amma ba a yi amfani da ‘Atoxyl' ba. 

Gwaje-gwajen da Koch ya yi a Tsibirin Sese ba wani abin mamaki ba ne a zamanin mulkin mallaka. Lafiyar marasa lafiya ba ita ce mai muhimmanci ba – tasirin maganin ake dubawa, kuma sai aka dinga amfani da al'ummar Afrika a matsayin zakaran gwajin dafi.

Magungunan da jami'an mulkin mallaka suka samar sun taimaka wajen ceton rayuka masu yawa a Afrika. Amma samar da su ɗin ya zo ne a wani yanayin rashin adalci, inda aka dinga cin zarafin ‘yan Afrika ba ji ba gani. Damuwar da amfani da mutane ta haifar wajen gwaje-gwajen magunguna ta jefa shakku game da amincewa da maganin Bature, wadda har yanzu, ba a karɓe shi ba sosai ba.